Canada’s Arctic policy has been redefining its strategic priorities concerning the Arctic region, which has gained importance in recent years due to rising geopolitical tensions and the effects of global warming. Russia’s increasingly aggressive posture and China’s growing interest in the region have prompted Canada to question its low-tension policies, necessitating the adoption of a more robust defense and foreign policy.[1] This analysis examines Canada’s new policy, particularly within the framework of realist theory, and evaluates the potential impacts of this strategy.
According to realist theory, states primarily strive to safeguard their security and sovereignty. Canada’s strategy to increase defense spending in the Arctic and collaborate with the United States reflects this perspective. Notably, the modernization of NORAD systems and the establishment of consulates in the region highlight Canada’s desire to monitor and control the area more effectively.[2] The modernization of NORAD involves updating radar systems, early warning mechanisms, and command infrastructure to meet contemporary threats, enhancing the defense capabilities of Canada and the U.S. against threats such as hypersonic missiles.
Russia’s growing military presence in the Arctic has accelerated Canada’s efforts to secure its northern borders. Similarly, China’s deployment of vessels for resource extraction and scientific research in the region is perceived as a challenge to Canada’s sovereignty. In response to these threats, Canada aims to strengthen its military presence and assert control over the region within a transparent national defense paradigm.
Canada’s rejection of claims by the U.S. and other countries that the Northwest Passage constitutes international waters aligns with this realist perspective. By maintaining control over these waters, Canada seeks to assert its sovereignty over this route, which has gained strategic importance with the increasing use of commercial shipping. Canada’s focus on multilateral diplomacy highlights another key aspect of its Arctic policy. By opening consulates in Anchorage and Nuuk and establishing an Arctic ambassador position, Canada aims to enhance regional cooperation and take on a more prominent role in multilateral mechanisms. Additionally, Canada emphasizes the significance of regional platforms like the Arctic Council in resolving conflicts and promoting collaboration.
Canada’s commitment to resolving ongoing border disputes with Denmark and the United States reflects its dedication to diplomatic solutions. These efforts are expected to have increasingly significant implications for environmental issues and maritime routes in the future. The Canada-U.S. disagreement over the Northwest Passage could also lead to notable outcomes in the realms of trade and energy policy.
Relations with Indigenous peoples hold a central place in Canada’s Arctic policy. Including Indigenous communities in the policymaking process aligns with both the principles of historical justice and inclusivity. However, infrastructure challenges faced by these communities hinder Canada’s ability to establish an effective presence in the region. As noted by Natan Obed, the lack of infrastructure such as road connections and ports in Indigenous areas could constrain Canada’s sovereignty claims.[3] This underscores the necessity of strengthening regional development policies to address these gaps.
For sovereignty claims to become permanent, Canada must increase its investments in Indigenous communities and prioritize the provision of essential services. Infrastructure deficiencies can not only affect relations with Indigenous communities but also directly impact regional defense and logistical capabilities. For instance, the construction of new military bases or maritime surveillance points could strengthen Canada’s presence in the region. However, this process requires a sensitive approach that necessitates deep cooperation with Indigenous peoples.
Canada’s growing interest in Arctic policy is based on several key factors that influence global security dynamics. Russia and China’s activities in the Arctic have put pressure on the international order, prompting Canada and other Western countries to reassess their Arctic policies.[4] It is likely that Canada will seek closer cooperation with NATO in the future. This collaboration may manifest through increased NATO exercises in the Arctic and the expansion of regional security measures.
Furthermore, Canada has the potential to bolster its position as a global leader in addressing climate change. By advancing sustainable development models in the Arctic and prioritizing the reduction of environmental harm, Canada could significantly enhance its diplomatic influence on the international stage.
In conclusion, Canada’s Arctic policy is based on the complex balance between international security, environmental policies, and local development. This policy aims to enhance regional security while addressing the needs of local communities. The modernization of NORAD, cooperation with NATO, and sovereignty claims over the Northwest Passage are key steps that strengthen Canada’s strategic objectives. Collaboration with Indigenous peoples and infrastructure investments are crucial for bolstering Canada’s national interests and its position on the international stage.
In the long term, Canada will not only exert economic and military influence in the Arctic but also play a key role in shaping global environmental sustainability goals. This could position Canada as a pivotal rule-making actor in the Arctic.
[1] “Canada to boost Arctic cooperation with US, cites Russia threat”, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/world/canada-boost-arctic-cooperation-with-us-cites-russia-threat-2024-12-06/, (Accessed on: 06.12.2024).
[2] “NORAD modernization project timelines”, Government of Canada, https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/allies-partners/norad/norad-modernization-project-timelines.html, (Accessed on: 06.12.2024).
[3] “Canada Moves to Protect Arctic From Threats by Russia and China”, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/06/world/canada/canada-arctic-russia-china.html, (Accessed on: 06.12.2024).
[4] Ibid.
